न कोई मच्छरमार अनुवाद

 
गुलजार मूलत: हिंदी फिल्म जगत की एक उपज है—अर्थात, कहा जा सकता है, शुद्ध व्यवसायिक जगत की उपज। बौलीवुड के बारे में कहा ही जाता है कि यहां जो बिकता है, वही चलता है। यह सिनेमा से जुड़े रचनाशीलता के तमाम पक्षों पर बाजार के नियमों पर अमल का क्षेत्र है।

एक ऐसे जगत से आने वाले गुलजार की शायरी अपनी खास रंगत के कारण अक्सर अचंभित कर देने वाली होती है। शोर-शराबे से भरे ग्लैमर की दुनिया के बीच कैसे किसी आदमी की इतनी महीन, जहीन, नाजुक सी आवाज अपने को सुरक्षित रख पाती है, यह किसी के लिये भी एक रहस्य का विषय हो सकता है। उनकी एक शायरी की पंक्तियां है:

देखना, सोच-संभल कर जरा पांव रखना
जोर से बज न उठे पैरों की आवाज कहीं
कांच के ख्वाब हैं बिखरे हुए तन्हाई में

और

ख्वाब टूटे न कोई, जाग न जाए देखो
जाग जाएगा कोई ख्वाब तो मर जायेगा।

जागना ख्वाबों की मौत है और जाहिर है कि जगाना ख्वाबों की हत्या! हेगेल ने लिखा है कि शब्द वस्तु की मृत्यु है और शब्द के साथ ही चेतना के, विचारों के संसार का प्रारंभ होता है। लेकिन चेतना (जागृति) ख्वाबों की हत्या करती है—उलट कर देखें तो बेहोशी के सुख का अवबोध, यह क्या कम महत्वपूर्ण है? जब और कोई साधन नहीं होता तो जीने के लिये बेहोशी के फलसफे पर कम नहीं लिखा गया है!

हेगेल ने लिखा है कि शब्द वस्तु की मृत्यु है और शब्द के साथ ही चेतना के, विचारों के संसार का प्रारंभ होता है। लेकिन चेतना (जागृति) ख्वाबों की हत्या करती है—उलट कर देखें तो बेहोशी के सुख का अवबोध, यह क्या कम महत्वपूर्ण है?

बहरहाल, गुलजार हमारे सामने जो प्रश्न छोड़ते हैं वह यही है कि कैसे वे नीम बेहोशी के धुंधलके में लिपटे अपने नितांत निजीपन और “शो अभी भी जारी है” के हंगामाखेज जीवन के बीच एक तालमेल बना कर चलते होंगे? “आहिस्ता चलो, और भी आहिस्ता” की तरह की बिल्कुल खामोश सी अपनी कविता से व्यवसाय जगत की भागम-भाग का मेल कैसे बैठाते होंगे?

 

गुलजार के फिल्मी गीतों के रेंज को देख कर कई मर्तबा तो घबड़ाहट सी होने लगती है—“जब भी यह दिल उदास होता है/जाने कौन आस-पास होता है/बेवजह जब करार मिल जाए/दिल बड़ा बेकरार होता है” की तरह की गालिब के अंदाज की शायरी से लेकर “बीड़ी जलइले जिगर से पीयां” की तरह का चवनिया लेखन। यह अनायास ही हमें “हम है मताए कूचए बाजार की तरह” से लेकर “रेशमी सलवार कुर्ता जाली का” तक के मकबूल शायर मजरूह साहब की याद दिला देती है।

इन्हीं उदाहरणों से हमारा ध्यान “उस्ताद की कलम”, उसके “अंदाज” के विषय की ओर चला जाता है—ओरहन पामुक के उपन्यास My Name is Red का नक्काश उस्ताद कहता है कि “जिसे हम फनकार का अंदाज कहते हैं वह दरअसल उसका अधूरापन या ऐब होता है, जिससे मुजरिम का सुराग मिलता है।…नुक्स से ही अंदाज पैदा होता है।”

गुलजार के फिल्मी गीतों के रेंज को देख कर कई मर्तबा तो घबड़ाहट सी होने लगती है—“जब भी यह दिल उदास होता है/जाने कौन आस-पास होता है/बेवजह जब करार मिल जाए/दिल बड़ा बेकरार होता है” की तरह की गालिब के अंदाज की शायरी से लेकर “बीड़ी जलइले जिगर से पीयां” की तरह का चवनिया लेखन।

और साथ ही उस्ताद का यह तंज भी है कि “अगर इंसान का ‘सरकंडा’ उसकी बीबी को खुश कर देता हो तो उसके फन का सरकंडा उतना असरदार नहीं होता।”

बहरहाल, उस्ताद के अंदाज की ऐसी ही अनेक कौंध से भरी गुलजार की रचनाशीलता का हमें एक और नया परिचय मिला है उनकी दो किताबों, ‘बागबान’ और ‘निदिया चोर’ से—रवीन्द्रनाथ की रचनाओं के संकलन Gardner और The Crescent Moon के गुलजार द्वारा किये गये उर्दू अनुवाद से। हार्पर पैरेनियल ने इनका इतना खूबसूरत प्रकाशन किया है कि किसी को भी इन्हें पाकर एक अलग सी खुशी का अहसास होगा। हम सभी जानते हैं कि रवीन्द्रनाथ ने खुद ही अपनी इन बांग्ला कविताओं का अंग्रेजी अनुवाद किया था। गुलजार ने इन संकलनों की कविताओं के बांग्ला और अंग्रेजी, दोनों रूपों की मदद लेकर देवनागरी लिपि में इनका उर्दू अनुवाद किया है।

अच्छे अनुवाद के बारे में कहा ही जाता है कि वह फूलदान की तरह की किसी भी जीवित कृति को तोड़ कर शुरू किया जाता है। रचना पहले टुकड़ों में बिखर कर अनुवादक के सामने आती है, और अनुवादक फिर इस फूलदान के टुकड़ों को जोड़ता है। फूलदान को तोड़ना ही अनुवाद के रूप में उसके नवनिर्माण की शर्त है। दुनिया की क्लासिकल कृतियां इसी तरह तमाम भाषाओं और कालों में पहले बिखर कर फिर पुनर्रचना के जरिये कालजयी बन कर सामने आया करती है।

अच्छे अनुवाद के बारे में कहा ही जाता है कि वह फूलदान की तरह की किसी भी जीवित कृति को तोड़ कर शुरू किया जाता है। रचना पहले टुकड़ों में बिखर कर अनुवादक के सामने आती है, और अनुवादक फिर इस फूलदान के टुकड़ों को जोड़ता है।

इसमें शक नहीं है कि किसी भी क्लासिकल कृति में हस्तक्षेप करने के अपने तमाम जोखिम भी होते हैं। इनकी सफलता के कोई निश्चित नुस्खे नहीं होते। बल्कि अक्सर इस प्रकार के प्रयोगों की दुर्गतियां ही ज्यादा दिखाई देती हैं। लेकिन फिर भी हमेशा नहीं। इन सबके विपरीत सचाई यह है कि किसी भी क्लासिकल कृति के प्रति निष्ठापूर्ण रहने का मतलब ही है कि उसके साथ इस प्रकार का जोखिम उठाया जाना। कृति के पारंपरिक रूप और ढांचे से चिपके रहना क्लासिक की भावना के साथ विश्वासघात करने का सबसे सुरक्षित उपाय कहा जा सकता है।

रवीन्द्रनाथ की रचनाओं के हिंदी अनुवादों के मामले में इसप्रकार की लकीर की फकीरी के विध्वसंक परिणामों को हम लगातार देखते रहे हैं। खास तौर पर जिन लोगों ने रवीन्द्रनाथ के गीतों का रवीन्द्र संगीत की धुन को बनाये रखते हुए हिंदी में अनुवाद किया है, उन गीतों को सुन कर तो यह अनुमान लगाना भी कठिन होता है कि वे हिंदी में हैं या बांग्ला में या किसी और ही नयी, अबूझ सी भाषा में! इस प्रकार के अनुवादों को हम ‘मच्छरमार अनुवाद’ कह सकते हैं, अर्थात ऐसा अनुवाद जिसमें मूल प्रति में किसी वजह से मरा हुआ मच्छर चिपका हो तो अनुवादक भी खोज कर वहां एक मच्छर को मार कर चिपका देता है।

ऐसे “मच्छरमार” अनुवाद के बजाय, क्लासिकल कृति को जीवित रखने का एक मात्र तरीका उसे “खुला” रखना है, भविष्य की ओर ले जाने वाला, काल को पार करने वाला खुलापन—एक ऐसी फिल्म बनाना जिसको विकसित करने का रसायन बाद में आता है!

 

गुलजार की कविता की एक पंक्ति है—“मैंने काल को तोड़के लम्हा लम्हा जीना सीख लिया।” रवीन्द्रनाथ के इन दो संकलनों का उनका अनुवाद भी ऐसा ही है, काल को तोड़ कर लम्हे-लम्हे को जीने के समान। रवीन्द्रनाथ के औपनिषदिक चिंतन के खोल को आसमान की तरह और खोल देने वाला, उसमें और भी रंगों को भरने की संभावनाएं पैदा करने वाला।

अपने इन अनुवादों में गुलजार ने अपनी सुविधा के अनुसार कहीं मूल बांग्ला की कविताओं को अपना अवलंब बनाया है तो कहीं रवीन्द्रनाथ के अंग्रेजी अनुवादों को। रवीन्द्र विशेषज्ञों की यह मान्यता रही है कि रवीन्द्रनाथ खुद अपनी कविताओं के अच्छे अनुवादक नहीं थे। गुलजार ने अच्छे-बुरे अनुवाद के इस पहलू की बिना कोई परवाह किये उनके ढांचे को तोड़ कर एक दूसरी भाषा के चौखटे में उतारने के लिये अपनी मर्जी से कविताओं के मूल बांग्ला या अंग्रेजी पाठों का अपनी सुविधा के अनुसार चयन किया है।

दरअसल, हिंदी की कथित साहित्य भाषा का रवीन्द्रनाथ की बांग्ला भाषा से काफी मेल है, क्योंकि कुछ ऐतिहासिक कारणों से ही यह भाषा मूलत: बांग्ला के प्रभाव के तहत ही विकसित हुई है। आलोक राय की पुस्तक ‘हिंदी नेशनलिज्म’ से हिंदी की “साहित्यिक भाषा” के इस पहलू की सचाई को बखूबी जाना जा सकता है। उस किताब की भूमिका में निलाद्रि भट्टाचार्य ने इस भाषा को एक मृत भाषा भी कहा है—हिंदी भाषी जनता और कथित हिंदी साहित्य के बीच का एक बड़ा अवरोध। इस बात को रवीन्द्रनाथ की रचनाओं के हजारीप्रसाद द्विवेदी, अज्ञेय सहित साहित्य अकादमी द्वारा प्रकाशित उनके रचना संचयन में शामिल किये गये हिंदी अनुवादों को देख कर और भी अच्छी तरह से जाना जा सकता है। ये अनुवाद कथित तौर पर प्रामाणिक होने पर भी रवीन्द्रनाथ की रचनाओं का जितना व्याप और गहरा असर बांग्ला भाषी लोगों पर पड़ता है, उसका एक प्रतिशत भी इन अनुवादों को पढ़ कर हिंदी भाषी जनता पर नहीं पड़ता।

रवीन्द्र विशेषज्ञों की यह मान्यता रही है कि रवीन्द्रनाथ खुद अपनी कविताओं के अच्छे अनुवादक नहीं थे। गुलजार ने अच्छे-बुरे अनुवाद के इस पहलू की बिना कोई परवाह किये उनके ढांचे को तोड़ कर एक दूसरी भाषा के चौखटे में उतारने के लिये अपनी मर्जी से कविताओं के मूल बांग्ला या अंग्रेजी पाठों का अपनी सुविधा के अनुसार चयन किया है।

इस लिहाज से देखने पर गुलजार का यह उर्दू अनुवाद, जिसे एक प्रकार से “हिंदुस्तानी” में किया गया अनुवाद कहा जा सकता है, अब तक के उपलब्ध अनुवाद की कमियों को दूर करने संभावनाओं की ओर संकेत करता है।

रवीन्द्रनाथ की रचनाशीलता का एक प्रमुख उपादान उनमें गहरे तक पैठा हुआ उनका औपनिषदिक चिंतन और स्मृति ग्रंथों के वृत्तांतों का संस्कार रहा है। कहना न होगा, अपनी ही कविताओं के उनके अंग्रेजी अनुवादों में इस औपनिषदिक चिंतन की ध्वन्यात्मकता व्याहत हुई हैं। जाहिर है कि गुलजार ने भी जब उनकी अंग्रेजी कविताओं को अपना अवलंब बनाया है, उन अनुवादों को मूल बांग्ला से मिला कर देखने पर, कुछ वैसी ही कमियां इन अनुवादों में भी दिखाई देती है।

उदाहरण के तौर पर, रवीन्द्रनाथ की कविता है—‘दु:समय’। गुलजार के अनुवाद में इसका शीर्षक—‘पंछी’। इस कविता में एक जगह जंगल की अपनी एक ध्वनि की चर्चा है: “ए नहे मुखर वनमर्मर गुंजित/ए जे अजगरगरजे सागर फूलिछे”—यह मर्मर गुंजन द्वारा मुखरित वन नहीं है। यह अजगर की फुफकार की तरह समुद्र के उफान की गूंज है। मूल कविता में जो फुफकार की ध्वनि का पक्ष है, वह अनुवाद में रवीन्द्रनाथ के अंग्रेजी पाठ को अवलंब बनाने की वजह से ही गायब हो गया है। रवीन्द्रनाथ ने अंग्रेजी में लिखा है:

That is not the gloom
of leaves of the forest,
that is the sea swelling
like a dark black snake

रवीन्द्रनाथ की रचनाशीलता का एक प्रमुख उपादान उनमें गहरे तक पैठा हुआ उनका औपनिषदिक चिंतन और स्मृति ग्रंथों के वृत्तांतों का संस्कार रहा है। कहना न होगा, अपनी ही कविताओं के उनके अंग्रेजी अनुवादों में इस औपनिषदिक चिंतन की ध्वन्यात्मकता व्याहत हुई हैं।

गुलजार ने इसका अनुवाद किया है:

ये जंगल में दरख्तों की उदासी भी नहीं है
समंदर में जवार उठी है, काले नाग के जैसे

बहरहाल, ऐसी चंद मामूली कमियों की बातों के बावजूद, रवीन्द्रनाथ की कविताओं का एक प्रकार से हिंदी में किया गया यह अनुवाद लंबे अर्से की उस कमी को पूरा करने की संभावना की ओर संकेत करता है, जिस दिशा में बढ़ कर रवीन्द्रनाथ की कविताओं के मर्म से, उनकी रचनाओं की शक्ति के स्पर्श से हिंदी के सामान्य पाठकों तक को लाभान्वित किया जा सकता है। अपने किस्म के इस दिशा दिखाने वाले काम के लिये गुलजार हार्दिक बधाई के पात्र हैं। और इसके साथ ही यह सवाल भी उठ जाता है कि जैसे पत्रकारिता लेखक की भाषा का लोकोन्मुखी परिमार्जन करती है, क्या अनुवाद में क्लासिकल काव्य की पुनर्रचना कर उसे कालजयी, नया जन्म देने की सामथ्‍र्य लोकप्रिय गीतकार बन कर ही अर्जित की जा सकती है?

Hindi Marxist critic and political commentator and columnist. Author of books : Sahitya mein Yathartha : Siddhanta aur Vyavahaar ; Pablo Neruda : Ek Kaidi ki Khuli Duniya ; RSS aur uski Vichardhaara ; Paschim Bangal mein Maun Kranti ; Nai Aarthik Niti Kitni Nayee ; Ek aur Brahmaand ; Sirhane Gramsci

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